Ethnocentrism and Social Mindfulness Among University Students

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between ethnocentrism and social mindfulness among university students in Pakistan and to examine differences across demographics. Using a convenience sampling technique, 300 university students (age range: 18–30) from universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad participated. The Revised Ethnocentrism Scale (Neuliep & McCroskey, 1997) and the Social Mindfulness Scale (Christopher, 2020) were administered. Ethnocentrism was found to be negatively correlated with social mindfulness (p < .05). Demographic comparisons showed that students from rural backgrounds reported significantly higher ethnocentrism than those from urban areas, and female students demonstrated greater social mindfulness than male students. Limitations include the study’s cross-sectional design, which prevents conclusions about changes in attitudes over time, and the lack of control for confounding variables such as previous cross-cultural exposure and personality traits, which may have influenced results. Despite these limitations, findings provide preliminary insights into cultural attitudes among Pakistani university students. The observed negative relationship between ethnocentrism and social mindfulness highlights the need for interventions within university settings, including educational programs that promote inclusivity, empathy, and cultural sensitivity to foster positive intercultural engagement among students. Universities could implement policies that encourage student participation in activities promoting social mindfulness, such as community service projects, cultural exchange programs, and peer mentoring schemes. Such initiatives can provide opportunities for meaningful cross-cultural interactions and help reduce ethnocentric attitudes, ultimately fostering more inclusive and harmonious campus environments.